George Eliot may sound like a male name; however, it’s actually the pen name of a female Victorian author. Mary Anne Evans (a.k.a. George Eliot) was one of the leading authors of the Victorian Era. Even though women authors had started publishing works under their own names, Mary Anne Evans persisted in using a male pseudonym. Her reasons behind doing this are unknown, but there are theories as to the use of a pen name. The first is that she believed the works of female authors were never taken seriously as most women wrote frivolous romances. The second is her want of privacy due to her somewhat unusual life. George Eliot lived for over 20 years with a married man and conducted herself as his wife. Later, after her life partner had died, she married another man who was nearly 20 years her junior. Some people say that she believed her private life would affect the sales of her novels.

       Throughout her career, George Eliot translated several works, wrote poetry, and published seven novels. Her first novel, “Adam Bede”, became a favorite of both Princess Louise and Queen Victoria. In fact, the Queen was so impressed by the beautiful scenes in the novel, that she commissioned an artist to paint a serious of scenes from the book. Queen Victoria became an avid reader of George Eliot’s works and eventually George Eliot was introduced to the Queen in 1877.

       Eliot’s novel “Adam Bede” became one of the most widely read novels of the Victorian Era. She was praised by critics for using a rural setting and writing with a political view. In “Adam Bede” she tells the story of a love triangle played out against the background of infanticide. The trial in the book was met with rave reviews for its realism. All of her subsequent novels became hits as well.

       Today, George Eliot novels are read in high school and college courses throughout multiple nations. Each of her novels has been developed for film or television.

The Victorian King Arthur

Have you ever heard someone say “Tis better to have loved and lost, than never to have loved at all”? This is a quote from Alfred Lord Tennyson. Tennyson served as Queen Victoria’s Poet Laureate from 1850 until his death in 1892 (the longest tenure of any poet laureate). In fact, he was the first person ever to be elevated to the British peerage for accomplishments in writing. Some of his most popular works include “The Charge of the Light Brigade”, “The Lady of Shalott”, and “Mariana”. The work that has had the most impact on any Post-Victorian Era is “The Idylls of the King”, which chronicles the events of the infamous King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table. Published between 1856 and 1885, these poems replaced all previous versions of the story in popularity and became one of the quintessential works on the subject.

Tennyson’s work is the first to develop all the characters related to the story. He sought to create King Arthur as a gentleman that any Victorian man could strive to live up to. He included the Victorians’ renewed interest in courtly love or the idea of “pure” love, as well as his belief that it was difficult or near impossible to achieve. This he symbolized through the love of Arthur for Guinevere. Idylls shows the unconditional love that Arthur has for Guinevere. She is ultimately unable to return this type of love and flees to a convent after having an affair with Lancelot; though Arthur forgave her. Tennyson also goes on to develop poems dedicated to every knight that sits at the round table and how they came to be there. The amount of work Tennyson put into Idylls created an epic that authors of every age since have looked to as the source for their own version of these tales.

In the past 20 years alone, there have been multiple works of fiction along with movies and television shows that have used Tennyson as their starting point for King Arthur. Readers may enjoy Nancy McKenzie, Marion Zimmer Bradley Rosalind Miles or Stephen Lawhead. If you prefer films, there is First Knight; The Mists of Avalon; or Excalibur. Even Disney has done a few Arthurian movies. They have done The Sword in the Stone; A Kid in King Arthur’s Court; and Avalon High. Channel Stations have now started developing their own series. Starz has Camelot and BBC has Merlin.

On a side note: Archaeologists believe the man on whom the legends of King Arthur are based was a Briton/Roman general who lived in the 4th or 5th century.  The general Artorius helped the Britons drive out the Saxons and served as a counselor to the kings, but never became king. 

Lanuage of flowers

If anyone has seen our flyer for the upcoming events at the Hunter House, then you will know that we have decided to focus on flowers throughout the summer. Nowadays, we send flowers for birthdays, Valentine’s Day, or perhaps to smooth things over after a fight. The Victorians, on the other hand, used flowers to convey so many emotions that they created a language for flowers assigning a meaning to every flower. Simply by giving someone a well thought out bouquet you could tell someone you loved them, you sympathized with them, you hated them, you just wanted to be friend, you thought they were lying, and so on; even something as simple as telling someone you agreed with them.
Prior to the Victorian Era, flowers still had meanings. They were used as symbols of a religion or deity, usually Christian, Greek, or Roman. There is also a story behind the origin and meaning of each flower. Being a person who enjoys all kinds of stories and tales, I could pick a few flowers and let you know the stories behind each. However, in the interest of space and the fact that I’m supposed to be focusing on the Victorian meaning of flowers, I’ll just have to let that go. Since we will shortly be coming up on June, which is also referred to as “wedding month”, I thought I’d focus on the meaning of the flowers inside an average Victorian wedding bouquet.
A typical wedding bouquet usually consisted of one large rose in the middle, surrounded by other flowers. There could be other roses in the bouquet as well, but there was usually a larger on in the middle of the bouquet. A rose symbolizes love. The color of the rose indicates the type of love a person would wish to convey. Red roses are for romantic love. The story behind how roses turned red is Greek in origin. It’s a great story regarding Aphrodite (goddess of love) and Persephone (goddess of the underworld) competing for the love of Adonis (a mortal). In a nutshell, the story says that Aphrodite blocked Adonis from going to the underworld to see Persephone. So Persephone had Adonis fatally wounded so that he would be forever locked in the underworld with her. Aphrodite rushed to his aid while Adonis was dying and scratched herself on a white rose bush, turning them red. White roses symbolize purity in love or spiritual love (white roses were associated with the Virgin Mary). Yellow roses symbolize a decrease in love and often refer to infidelity. Yellow roses were not used in Victorian wedding bouquets.
Next to the large rose, the most common flowers in a bouquet were baby’s breath, pansies, ivy, dahlias (not black), peonies, and primroses. Baby’s breath is a symbol of festivity and happiness. Pansies are meant to convey happy thoughts. Ivy is for fidelity. Dahlias are used to express commitment. Peonies mean that one has hope for a happy marriage. Primroses are said to also be a sign of love and also youthfulness.
The primrose was one of the most fashionable flowers in the Victorian Era. Queen Victoria had them grown in her private gardens. She would often send bouquets of primroses to Prime Minister Disraeli. Upon Disraeli’s death, she sent a wreath of primroses as a token of affection. The other most popular flower in Victorian times was the violet. The meaning of violets is modesty, but the Victorians liked the scent so much that violets were the most common flower to find at the street markets.
After reading all about flowers here, we hope you will come see the decorations we have planned in the museum during our flower related events. If you’re like me and love the stories behind the meanings of flowers, you might enjoy this book: The Language of Flowers by Sheila Pickles.

Here's Something Victorian I Bet You Didn't Know...

Did you know that the Coca-Cola beverage was invented in the Victorian Era? I surely didn't, until the director of the museum asked me to research it. The original formula for Coca-Cola was created as a medicine to cure morphine addiction. The inventor of the original formula, John Pemberton, was a chemist who also served in the Confederate army. In April 1865, he was injured in the Battle of Columbus. Like most injuried soldiers of the Civil War, he was given daily doses of morphine for the pain (the addictive properties of morphine were not discovered in the 1860s). Also like most injured Civil War veterans, Pemberton became addicted to morphine. He started trying to use his chemistry skills to create a medicine that would cure morphine addiction. The original formula was actually a coca wine made from the coca plant and mixed with French Wine. However, when prohibition began in Atlanta in 1886, he was forced to change the formula so that it was non-alcoholic. That is when Coca-Cola was born. The name was settled on because it tells everyone the two main ingredients, coca and kola. Coca is a plant from which cocaine is extracted and kola is a nut from which we get caffeine.
The first advertisements for Coca-Cola sold the beverage as a patent medicine for 5 cents that was said to cure morphine addiction, headaches, and impotence. By 1888, John Pemberton had 3 different Coca-Cola mixtures on sale in drugstores across Atlanta. He sold the formula to 5 separate businessmen. However, the one who turned it into a worldwide phenomenon was Asa Candler who would later become mayor of Atlanta. Candler eventually bought the 4 other competing companies to become the sole owner of Coca-Cola.
The formula of Coca-Cola has changed several times over the years. They have created Cherry Coke, Lime Coke, Lemon Coke etc. Several different countries have even developed their own local tastes, but the 2 main ingredients have always been coca and kola nut. Once the addictive properties of cocaine were discovered, the fomula was changed to use the leaves of the coca plant after the cocaine had already been extracted, leaving only the flavor of the leaf behind in the beverage.
Now that the world has become very different from Victorian Era culture, Coke has become even more popular. In 2011, John Pemberton started his own Twitter feed. He now has 55,0o0 followers. The Coca-Cola Facebook page has thousands, if not millions, of fans. Coke sponsors athletes, movie theaters, and all other kinds of entertainment. It is no longer just a beverage, it has become a permanent part of people's lives and our culture.

Memorial Day

I love old cemeteries with shady magnolia trees and iron fences. Days like today - breezy and only about 80 degrees - are the best days to get out and wander down the aisles and paths. The dogwoods have long bloomed out, but their graceful limbs wave in the breeze, fanning those in need of respite from the heat. Robins perch atop gravestones, ornaments in themselves. Brown thrashers, camoflauged against the dark tree trunks, pick through the underbrush. A patch of Queen Anne's lace and the remnant of an old rose pop up here and about.
The older cemeteries truly are parks, and they are welcoming. Their aged beauty embraces, asks you to stay a while ~ much as you would stop before a piece of sculpture or an eye-catching painting in a museum. Art and poetry, sculpture and stained glass, even music I have heard in cemeteries. There are several locals that take to the quiet park settings to read and sketch and to play their music. I have walked and could see no one, but could hear the strains of a flute.
As a youngster, Saturdays usually included a stop at the cemeteries to tidy up the lots, replace greens and flowers and scrub the stones. It was also a time for me to let my imagination go - I would visit lots other than my family's (they were not very interesting). I walked up the stone steps and through the fence as though expected. I sat upon stones to chat with the small angels, leaving them with a handful of buttercups. I would look for my name (first name) on stones, and read other names, deciding if I would rather be named Edith or Emily or Virginia. I like Margaret the best, thank you Mama and Daddy.
On a recent visit to our newest cemetery (1902), I noticed how it had grown up, how it, too, was beginning to acquire that aged beauty. Oddly, that provided a sense of peace for me.
My family has been a powerhouse of women, women who remember, women who hand down the stories, women who protect the family history, women who retain the duty and honor of visiting the cemeteries. Memorial Day is not osberved only on May 30.

Springtime Fun

With the arrival of springtime, the museum has been in full swing preparing the house to receive visitors. The whole area is out and about going to the beach, taking bike rides, or going on picnics in the park. Now that we are all in the midst of our springtime events, I thought I would take this opportunity to let you all in on some Victorian picnic ideas. Typical Victorian picnics were not just a blanket and a picnic basket. Oh no, if you had servants picnics were a grand scale event. Imagine you lived in the country and had numerous servants at your disposal. You didn't have to carry the food, set up the tents or blantkets, or even walk to the appointed destination.

First, being a good socialite, you would work out the details of the event with your cook to decide what you and your guests would eat. Next, you and your friends would organize where you would have your picnic and organize your servants to have the tents and blankets set up and the food laid out in proper style. Then, you would have your coachman drive you and your friends to the destination. After all, walking in the hot sun would definitely not be fashionable. Once you reach your destination and eat the food that has already been set up for you, all you have to do is lay about in the spring air.


If you had a larger party involved, there are many games and acitivities you could do after eating. One of the most popular Victorian picnic games is Blind Man's Bluff. A game which is played by blindfolding one person, spinning them around, and then letting them try to catch one of the other participants. The trick is that the other players have to stay within a certain radius to the "blind man". Once the blinded person has caught someone, he or she must guess who they have caught without taking the blindfold off. They can feel clothing, hands, and/or faces. If they are correct, then the person they caught has to be the blind man. If not, they remain the blind man until they guess correctly.


Even though Blind's Man Bluff is one of the most popular games at a grand scale picnic, there are other activities such as cards, horsebacking riding, cricket, or even dancing if you hired some musicians. The activities are really what make the picnic grand. Grand picnics were more for the upper class societies. Even still they were adventures outside rather than just eating outside as we do today. Picnics today are still great fun, but next time you go on a picnic just imagine how much better it would be if you got to spend the whole day playing and not have to do a bit of the work involved.

Ornament Traditions

Chirstmas at the Hunter House is upon us again. The house is busy with people figuring out ways to decorate the house to everyone's delight. Our decorations are unique since we always focus on the Victorian Era. This year is no different. Many people don't realize that a lot of our Christmas traditions come from Germany. As you may know already, Queen Victoria married Prince Albert. Albert was from Germany and brought many of the Christmas traditions with him when he came to England. To name just a few: the Christmas tree, the carol Silent Night, and Nutcrackers. This year we have decided to make our decorations all about German traditions. To kick things off, we will be having a German Christmas market in our house. This will be Saturday and Sunday, November 20-21. There will be local vendors selling their wares and German goodies available. One of the items available at the market, will be genuine Olde World Glass Ornamaents.

Glass ornaments are one of the biggest traditions of Germany. Blown glass ornaments have been made in Germany since the 1500s. It was in the Victorian Era in 1870 when they were first exported to Britian. America also imported German blown glass ornaments after F.W. Woolworth discovered them on a trip to Germany in 1880. In those days, the inside of the glass ornaments were made to look silvery by using either mercury or lead. As people discovered that mercury and lead were not healthy to use, they changed the inside to be a combination of silver nitrate & sugar water to protect the makers and the owners of the ornaments. The majority of glass ornament makers lived in an area in Germany called Lauscha.

The glass makers in Lauscha improved their craft for many generations, but the industry became in danger of becoming obsolete after World War II. Once the war was over, the Allied Forces divided Germany amongst themselves. Each country gaining power and control over one section of Germany. Lauscha is in East Germany, which became controlled by the Soviet Union. The Soviets believed that the traditions of Germany needed to be wiped out in order to ensure that they had learned their lesson after the War. Glass Blowing was one of many past times the Soviets sought to destory. The molds that were used to make the ornaments for generations were found and destroyed. Many in Lauscha hid the glass molds and still others that were trying to keep their family heritage escaped to Neustadt (a city in American occupied Germany).

Today, there remains a popular German glass company that still makes ornaments. The company is called Inge-glas ornaments or is often referred to as Glas Inge. It is named for a lady who remained in Lauscha Germany and managed to save nearly all of the glass molds her family had for generations before her. When her family escaped Lauscha and went to Neustadt, she stayed behind. She broke all of the glass molds she had in half. She would send a box full of one half of each mold to her grandson, which a note telling him they were toys. When the Soviets looked through her mail, they only saw her sending broken molds to her grandson to play with. Later, she would send the second half of each mold in the same manner. Her son and grandson would them put the molds back together. In this way, she helped save the German glass making tradition. Her son and grandson started making ornaments again and selling them both in Germany and abroad. Neustadt became the new center for German glass blowing.

If you have an Inge-Glas ornament, it may be marked with a star crown. This emblem was stamped on every ornament they made until 2000. In 2000, they set up distribution sites in other countries besides Germany and did not keep the same emblem. Today, there is not an emblem on any of their ornaments. However, they remain a collector's item. Each year a new ornament is created to represent the traditions of today.